Summary of chapter 1 by Saba Azam.

This chapter is an introduction about management and organizations.Management:Management is a process of achieving the objectives of the buisness by using its available resources effectively.Managers:Manager cordinates the body of an organization.He is the one who is responsible to supervise the work of his subordinates so that the organizational goals can b accomplished.There are three types of managers:1)Top managers: People who are on the top in the level of hierarchy.They are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the goals and plans that affect the entire body of an organization.2)Middle managers:people who are in the middle in the level of hierarchy of an oragnization.They manage the work of first-line managers.3)First-line managers:they are the people who are in the lowest level of hierarchy in an organizaton and they manage the work of nonmanagerial employees.The main functions of managers are:1) Planning: setting clear objectives.2) Organizing:dividing the work into smaller tasks and delegation to others.3) Leading: working with and through people.4) Controlling: evaluating whether things are going as planned.5)Budgeting: preparing a detailed financial plan for the next trading year.Roles:There are different roles for a manager to perform such as interpersonal roles, informational roles and decision roles.Interpersonal roles those that involve people and duties that are symbolic in nature.Informational roles are those that involve collecting,receiving, and disseminating information.Decision roles are managerial roles that revolve around making choices.Skills:A manager should have several skills such as techinacal skills, human skills and conceptional skills.Importance of these skills varies depending on managerial level.Manager's jobs are changing:Today, in world the job's of managers are changing.The reasons why the job's of managers are changing is because of the changing technology, increased security threats , increases emphasis on ethics, increased competitiveness.the imporatance of customets to the manager's job.It has been proofed that customers’ satisfaction is highly influenced by the attitude of the employees.Innovation is one of the most imporatant factor in changing the jobs of mangers.A good manager need to emphsize his subordinates to come with new ideas and inovations.Oraganization:Organization means to control any business through a specific systematic approach.All the businesses have some kind of structure or hierarchies.A delibrate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose is an organization.Organizations are chaniging everydat because the world around them is changing.Studying management:It is impotant to study management because of several reason such as universality of management, this means it is a universal need for management.Another reason is Reality of work which means either manage or be managed.

Presentation tips

Building confidence in Presentations
The fear of publicranks right up there with death and an IRS Audit for most of thepopulation. What I will attempt to do here is give you a few tips &techniques and a bit of support when it comes time to make apresentation. What do I define as a presentation? In the broadest sense, it’s every encounter you have with every person you ever meet. It’s when you sit squirming in an interviewer’s chair trying to be eloquent when you are asked why you left your last job. More specifically, however, I’m going to talk about the business presentation.Whenever you are asked to appear in front of one or more people for thepurpose of explaining, educating, convincing, or otherwise conveyinginformation to them, you have a presentation. Compressed to its essence, a presentation consists of three basic elements: you, your audience, your message and your tools.Inthis series, we’ll look at each one, starting off with planning foryour visuals and support materials. Later, we’ll look at presentationand speaking techniques, attitudes, travel disasters and other problemsfaced by both the professional and the occasional presenter.